PASSIVE VOICE

Definition
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.
 In the passive sentence, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb.
Only transitive verbs are used in the passive. Intransitive verbs such as happen, sleep, come and seem cannot be used in the passive.


When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)






Agent
     In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent - the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens.
If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
1. Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
2. Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence.

Pattern: be + past participle
Example:
- The boy are listening to a story.
The story was being told by grandfather.

- Snow white eats a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple is eaten by snow white




The rules for forming the passive voice,

(1) The sentence should have Object (Transitive Verb).

(2) Object in the active sentence becomes the subject in passive sentences.

(3) said his work should form the III (Past Participle) preceded by a to be (am, is,are, was, were the resource persons, been) and
(4) The structure of the sentence by tenses.

A. Simple Past Tense
Structure —> Subject + was/were + Past Participle
Example:
(A) Fire destroyed the house. —> (P) The house was destroyed by fire.

B. Simple Present Tense
Structure —> Subject + am/is/are + Past Participle
Example:
(A) People all over the world speak English. —> (P) English is spoken all over the world.

C. Present Perfect Tense
Structure —> Subject + have/has been + Past Participle
Example:
(A) The students have copied the lesson. —> (P) The lesson has been copied by the students.

D. Present Continuous Tense
Structure —> Subject + am/is/are + being + Past Participle
Example:
(A) She is typing the letter. —> (P) The letter is being typed.

E. Simple Future Tense
Structure —> Subject + shall/will be + Past Participle
Example:
(A) They will sign the contract next week. —> (P) The contract will be signednext week.

F. Passive Voice with Auxiliaries
Structure —> Subject + aux + be + Past Participle
Example:
(A) He must finish the work today. —> (P) The work must be finished today.

SURPRISES AND DISBELIEVES

Definition
A feeling that we feel when heard an amazing news which surprised and amazed us an expression  that we show/ say when we know /hear/see something that rather difficult to believe .Used to express something that we cant or impossible.


To express surprise or disbelief:
-What a surprise! That’s a surprise!
-(Well), that’s very surprising!
-Really?
-What?
-Are you serious? You must be joking!
-You’re kidding!
-Fancy that!
-I must say … surprises me.
-I  find that hard to believe.


Suprising  amazement of something :
-Fantastic
-It’s great
-It’s terrific
-Wonderful !
-What a lovely flowers !


When you got a surprising fact, you can say:
- Do you know what?
- Believe it or not?
- You may not believe it, but …
- Can you believe this?

You can respond to the surprising fact using these expressions:
- Really?
- Are you joking?
- Oh?
- Where? Show me.

Example of Surprise:
Rensi   : Whose car is that?
Yeyen  : It's Tami
Rensi   : Are you kidding me?
Yeyen :  No, I'm not. I saw her riding that car this morning
Rensi   : What's surprise!

Example of Disbelief:
Tetty   : I heard the news about tiren. What is tiren, Diana?
Diana  : "Tiren" stand for "mati kemarin". It is chicken meat taken from a dead chicken. In other word, it is a corpse.
Tetty  : I can't believe this! How can people sell such chicken meat?
Diana : Some say, they want to get more bucks of money.
Tetty  : I don't think they should do it. They cheat the buyers.
Diana : More than that. They harm the buyers.
Tetty  : That's right!

NEWS ITEM

Everyday we heard news in social network, television, radio, etc. From news we can get information.



Definition
News item is to inform the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.


The structure is:
• Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form
• Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.
• Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities’ expert on the event.


Significant Grammar Features:

Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
Generally using Simple Past Tense
Use of Material Processes to retell the event
Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.
Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell
Focus on Circumstances
Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages

There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.
The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.
It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.
Headlines are not always complete sentences.

NARRATIVE TEXT

~ Snow White is a story in form of narrative text.


Definition
Narrative text is a text to entertain, to gain and hold a reader’s interest. It’s usually like a fable, myth, legend, folklore, etc. However narrative can be also written to teach or inform, to change attitudes/social opinion.



The Generic Structure :
Orientation (It is about who, when and where the story happened)
Complication (It is about the conflict in the story)
Resolution (It is the solution of the problem)
Coda (It is the moral value)


Kinds of Narrative Text
 -Myth
 -Legend
 -Fable
 -Folklore


Characteristic of Narrative Text
Entertain the readers
Structure of the text = orientation()- complication()- resolution()
Other Generic structure = evaluation and coda
Language features = nouns, adjectives, time conjuction and conjunctions, adverb and adverbial phrases, action verbs, saying verbs


The Typical Elements :
Setting (When and where the story occurs)
Characters (The most important people or characters in the story)
Initiating (Event An action or occurrence that establishes a problem and/or goal)
Conflict  (The focal point around which the whole story is organized)
Events (One or more attempts by the main character(s) to achieve the goal or solve the problem)
Resolution (The outcome of the attempts to achieve the goal or solve the problem)
Theme (The main idea or moral of the story)


Language feature:
Use of direct and indirect speech
Use pronoun
Use simple past tense
Use noun phrases
Use adjective


Example:
Sincere Will Get a Great Return

Once upon a time, there was a kingdom named Auretto, all people lived peacefully there. One of them was Charlita, the king’s daughter who was assumed as the most beautiful and kindest Princess of Auretto.

One day, Charlita looked blue. Because of that her father got confused. “What’s the matter my beautiful daughter? Why are you so sad?” asked King Fernando. Charlita was just silent. She did not say anything.

Then, King Fernando decided to make a competition to cheer Charlita again. After that, the palace representative announce: “I will make a competition. The aim is to make my daughter, Princess Charlita to be happy and laugh again. Everyone who can do it, will get a prize. It will be held tomorrow when the sun rises. Sign: King Fernando.”

The following morning, everybody came to the palace, tried to give their best performance. They seemed happy and laugh, but not for Princess Charlita. She was just silent and still looked sad.

King Fernando started to give up. No one amused his daughter. Then, there came a young handsome man. “Excuse me King Fernando. I would like to join your competition. But, would you mind if I took Princess Charlita for a walk?” said the young man gently. “As long as you make my daughter be happy again, it will totally alright.” said King Fernando. The young handsome man took Princess Charlita for a walk in a beautiful blue lake with a green forest around it. Princess Charlita smiled and looked happy after that. Every body looked happy, too. “I know why are you so my beautiful daughter. Now, I promise I will environment green. I regret for always destroying it. Finally, the environment around the kingdom became so beautiful and green, full of plants. Then, the young handsome man got a prize from the king. “I will marry you off my daughter.” said him. “That is the prize I promise for you. Thanks for keeping our environment well. Thanks for making my daughter happy again.”

NTRODUCTORY

There's an empty chair for new student! We should know him and make friends with him. But how? We can introducing him to our friends or make him introducing himself :)

Definition
Introducing it is a way of someone to introduce his or herself or introduce other people.
Let's learn how to introduce.


How Do You Introduce Yourself?
-Let me introduce myself , my name is Ollyfia Violetta.
-Hello, I am Cilla.
-Hello, my name is David Archuleta. You call me Dave.


How Do You Introduce Other People?
-I would like to introduce Kiko.
-I would like you to meet Alice.
-Excuse me, let me introduce my new friend. Her name is Debby.-
-Nana, this is Rio and Rio, this Nana.


How Do You Close or End the Conversation?
-See you!
-Well, I should be going now.
-I'm sorry. Buy I have to go now.
-It's been nice talking with you. See you later!
-Well, I must be off now. I'll talk you later.

When the subject is a clause
When the subject is a clause, the sentence usually begins with it. So instead of saying ‘That he was once a communist is true’, we say, ‘It is true that he was once a communist’.
It does not matter whether he comes or not. (Whether he comes or not does not matter.)
It is required that he should pay the fine. (That he should pay the fine is required.)
It is clear that he overheard our conversation. (That he overheard our conversation is clear.)
It is clear that you are not interested in this offer. (That you are not interested in the offer is clear.)
It cannot be denied that they tried their best to help him. (That they tried their best to help him cannot be denied. )
It doesn’t matter whether we buy it now or later. (Whether we buy it now or later does not matter.)


Introductory it with seem, appear and look
Introductory it is also used with seem, appear and look when the subject is an infinitive phrase, a phrase with a gerund in it or a clause.
It looked doubtful whether she would come
It seemed strange that she should behave like that.
It seems possible that she may quit the job.
It appeared unwise to offend him.
It does not seem much good going on with the work.


Introductory it as an object
It is sometimes used as the object of the verbs think, feel, deem, count, consider etc.
Don’t you think it dangerous to drive so carelessly?
I consider it a privilege to have this opportunity of welcoming you.
I think it odd that she doesn’t write to me these days.
I think it a pity that she could not win.
We think it improper that he should be so dictatorial.
He made it clear what he wanted.
I find it difficult to talk to him.


Introductory it in questions
The introductory it is sometimes used in questions.
Who was it that broke the window?
It is Peter who broke the window.
Why was it that he stole the bread?
It was because he was poor that he stole the bread.
When was it that the manager came?
It was at 10 am that the manager came.

GRATITUDE,COMPLIMENT AND CONGRATULATION

What do you think about this picture? In their Tea Time, maybe they talk about our material today: Gratitude, Compliment, and Congratulation. For example: "Thank you very much for inviting me in your tea time", said the girl in the middle to the girl with golden gown.

Gratitude is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say “thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment etc.


Some expression of gratitude:
-Thank you very much
-Thank you for your help
-I’m really very grateful to you
-You’re welcome
-Don’t mention it
-It’s a pleasure / My pleasure
-I want to express my gratitude to (my teacher, my father, etc)
-I am grateful to your help


Responding gratitude:
-It was the least I could do.
-You’re welcome
-No big deal.
-Don’t mention it.
-It’s a pleasure.
-That’s alright.
-Any time.


Compliment is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will, for example:
On his/her general appearance
If you notice something new about the person’s appearance
When you visit someone’s house for the first time
When other people do their best


Some expressions of compliment:
-What a nice dress!
-You look great.
-You look very nice/beautiful/handsome.
-I really must express my admiration for your dance.
-Good grades!
-Excellent!
-Nice work!
-Good job!



Congratulations is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something.


=>   Some expressions of congratulations:
Congratulations!
Congratulations on your success!
I must congratulate you.
Congrats! Finally, your dream comes true!
Please accept my warmest congratulations.
I’d like to be the first to congratulate you.


=>   Expression of congratulations in special events:
Happy birthday!
Happy Lebaran Day/Happy led!
Merry Christmas!
Happy New Year!
Happy Valentine!
Happy anniversary!

FINITE VERBS

DefinitionA finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs.
Finite verb can form “ Independent clause “ which can stand by their own as complete sentences, an independent clause as a complete sentence. It contains the main subject and verb of a sentences.

In English , only verbs in certain mood are finite
These include :

=> Indicative mood : expressing a state of affairs.
   In indicative mood, finite verb have to use verb,                                                                
     example :
     a.The bulldozer demolished the restaurant.
     b.Ani is going to visit her mother in hospital.
     c.He has waited his father since morning.

=> Imperative mood : Giving a command.                                                                                                In imperative mood, finite verb is no need a subject because without using a subject, the sentence is clear.                                                                                                                           Example :
     a.Positive command
     b.Help me, please!
     c.Negative command
     d.Don't do that